THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON WORLD TOURISM
Abstract
The article presents the effects of Covid-19 world tourism in 2020. The goal of the paper is to research the consequences of the pandemic on the tourism sector. The paper presents and reviews the available information on how tourism was affected by the pandemic, endangered jobs, and ways in which countries are dealing with the consequences. The paper discusses possible measures and scenarios of the countries to mitigate the effects of the crisis and accelerate the recovery of tourism and the economy. Summarizing the findings, authors will conclude that the disruption in tourism from the pandemic had a huge impact on the wider economy, and countries’ governments reacted quickly. The scope of imposed measures expanded continuously during the crisis. At the end, recommendations are given for the priorities for renewal of tourism and protection of jobs, as recommendations for solidarity and promotion of mutual cooperation.
Downloads
References
Condé Nast Traveller, (2020), Before and after: How coronavirus has emptied tourist attractions around the world, https://www.cntravellerme.com/before-and-after-photos-tourist-attractions-during-coronavirus, (31 March 2020).
De Sausmarez, N. (2004). Malaysia’s response to the Asian financial crisis: implications for tourism and sectoral crisis management. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 4, 217-231.
Dodds, R., Butler, R. W. (2019). Overtourism. Issues, realities and solutions, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M. (2021). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1-20.
International Labour Organization - ILO, (2020), "COVID-19 crisis and the informal economy: Immediate responses and policy challenges", 5 May 2020, available at https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employmentpromotion/informal-economy/publications/WCMS_743623/lang--en/index.htm, (02 March 2021).
International Labour Organization - ILO, (2020a), "COVID-19 and the tourism sector", available at https://www.ilo.org/sector/Resources/publications/WCMS_741468/lang--en/index.htm, (02 March 2021).
International Labour Organization - ILO, (2020b), "ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work", Fifth edition, available at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_749399.pdf, (04 March 2021).
International Labour Organization - ILO, (2020c), "ILO Monitor: Covod-19 and the world of work", available at https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm, (02 March 2021).
Jiang, Y., Ritchie, B. W. (2017). Disaster collaboration in tourism: Motives, impediments and success factors. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol. 31, 70–82.
Jones, P., Comfort, D. (2020). The COVID-19 Crisis, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Athens Journal of Tourism, Vol. 7, No. 2,75-86.
Kaushal, V., Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 92, 102707.
Leal-Filho, W., Azul, A. M., Wall, T., Vasconcelos, C. R., Salvia, A. L., do Paço, A., Frankenberger, F. (2021). COVID-19: the impact of a global crisis on sustainable development research. Sustainability science, Vol. 16, No. 1, 85-99.
Magdinceva-Sopova, M., Bardarova, S., Stojanovska-Stefanova, A. (2017). The role of the entrepreneur in managing the professional stress of the employees. First International Scientific Conference Challenges of tourism and business logistics in the 21st century »ISCTBL 2017«. Gevgelija/Shtip, 1, 286-298.
Magdinceva-Sopova, M., Stojanovska-Stefanova, A., Dimitrov, N., Josheski, D., Elenov, R. (2018). Innovative management concept as possibility for development of tourism in the Republic of Macedonia. International Journal Knowledge, Vol. 26, No. 1, 83-89.
Mehta, M. P., Kumar, G., Ramkumar, M. (2021). Customer expectations in the hotel industry during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global perspective using sentiment analysis. Tourism Recreation Research.
Mistilis, N., Sheldon, P. (2006). Knowledge management for tourism crises and disasters. Tourism Review International, Vol. 10, No. 1-2, 39-46.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD, (2019), Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), Rebuilding tourism for the future: COVID-19 policy responses and recovery, available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/rebuilding-tourismfor-the-future-covid-19-policy-responses-and-recovery-bced9859/, (26 March 2021)
Seraphin, H., Sheeran, P., Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, Vol. 9, 374-376.
Škare, M., Soriano, D.R., Porada-Rochoń, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 163, 120469.
Skirbekk, V., Stonawski, M., Alfani, G. (2015). Consequences of a universal European demographic transition on regional and global population distributions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 98, 271-289.
Stojanovska-Stefanova, A., Atanasoski, D. (2017). UN goal: Sustainable Tourism as a key contributor for sustainable development in developing countries. First International Scientific Conference Challenges of tourism and business logistics in the 21st century »ISCTBL 2017«. Gevgelija/Shtip, 1, 152-161.
Stojanovska-Stefanova, A., Dimitrov, V.N., Magdinceva-Sopova, M. (2019). The significant role of the tourism in achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals. International Journal Knowledge, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1259-1264.
Strielkowski, W. (2020). International Tourism and COVID-19: Recovery Strategies for Tourism Organisations. Preprints 2020.
United Nations-UN, (2020), Policy Brief, COVID-19 and Transforming Tourism, available at https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_tourism_august_2020.pdf, (25 February 2021).
United Nations - United Nations, (2020a), "On International Day, UN chief spotlights indigenous peoples’ resilience in face of COVID-19 pandemic", 9 August 2020, available at https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1069822, (23 February 2021).
United Nations - United Nations, (2020b), United Nations helps travel industry reopen safely and responsibly", available at https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/united-nations-helps-travel-industry-reopen-safely-andresponsibly, (08 March 2021).
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCATD, (2020), "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trade and development: transitioning to a new normal", available at https://unctad.org/webflyer/impact-covid-19-pandemic-trade-and-development-transitioning-newnormal, (23 February 2021).
Wen, J., Wang, W., Kozak, M., Liu, X., Hou, H. (2020). Many brains are better than one: The importance of interdisciplinary studies on COVID- 19 in and beyond tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-4
World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, (2020), How are countries supporting tourism recovery?, available at https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-06/BFN_V4.pdf 08 March 2021).
World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, (2020a), World Tourism Barometer, vol. 18, No. 2, May 2020, Madrid, available at https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng, (08 March 2021).
World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, (2020b), "Tourism in SIDS: the challenge of sustaining livelihoods in times of COVID-19", available at https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284421916, (08 March 2021).
World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, (2020c), UN Secretary General: "It is imperative that we rebuild the tourism sector in a safe, equitable, and climate friendly manner", available at https://www.unwto.org/news/un-secretary-general-it-is-imperative-thatwe-rebuild-the-tourism-sector, (03 March 2021)
World Tourism Organization - UNWTO, (2020d), "Policy Brief: Covid-19 and Transforming Tourism", available at https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-08/SGPolicy-Brief-on-COVID-and-Tourism.pdf, (03 March 2021)
Yeh, S.S. (2020). Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research.
Zhang, H., Cho, T., Wang, H. (2020). The impact of a terminal high altitude area defense incident on tourism risk perception and attitude change of Chinese tourists traveling to South Korea. Sustainability, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-13.
